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Lie detection, also referred to as deception detection, uses questioning techniques along with technology that record physiological functions to ascertain truth and falsehood in response. It is commonly used by law enforcement and has historically been an inexact science. There are a wide variety of technologies available for this purpose.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/POST-PN-375 )〕 The most common and long used measure is the polygraph, which the U.S. National Academy of Sciences states, in populations untrained in countermeasures, can discriminate lying from truth telling at rates above chance, though below perfection. They added that the results apply only to specific events and not to screening, where it is assumed that the polygraph works less well.〔 ==General accuracy and limitations of assessments== The cumulative research evidence suggests that machines do detect deception better than chance, but with significant error rates and that strategies used to "beat" polygraph examinations, so-called countermeasures, may be effective.〔(The Truth About Lie Detectors ). American Psychological Association.〕 Despite unreliability, results are admissible in court in some countries such as Japan. Lie detector results are very rarely admitted in evidence in the US courts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Telling the truth about lie detectors )〕 Recently conducted studies have however, identified that the detection of deception is possible. In a study published December 7, 2013, the International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IJEECE) found that Voice Stress Analysis (VSA) technology can identify emotional stress better than polygraph.〔Patil, V. P., Nayak, K. K., & Saxena, M. ("Voice Stress Detection" ), 2, 148-154. Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering'', IJEECE (online) ISSN 1748-8893.〕 An 18-year study conducted by Dr. James L. Chapman, Professor Emeritus, Former Director of Forensic Crime Laboratory, State University of New York at Corning, evaluated the use of the Voice Stress Analysis technology for the detection of stress associated with possible deception. Using a combinatorial approach of VSA and a standardized questioning process, Dr. Chapman was able to show that VSA detected stress associated with criminal activities in 95% of the confession obtained cases studied. Dr. Chapman found no cases wherein a confession was obtained in the absence of stress. In particular, the most considerable stress levels were detected during the investigation of murder, grand larceny and sexual crimes. Dr. Chapman identified that when VSA is utilized as an investigative decision support tool in accordance with required operating procedures, and standard VSA interviewing techniques are employed, elicited confessions from criminal suspects can strongly be predicted based upon results of their VSA examinations. Further, VSA can be used by trained professionals to support the acquisition of court admissible criminal confessions at a rate superior to other legal interrogation methods currently employed by the criminal justice system.〔Chapman, J. (2012). ("Field Evaluation of Effectiveness of VSA (Voice Stress Analysis) Technology in a US Criminal Justice Setting" ). Scientific Journal Criminalistics and Court Expertise, Number 57 (2012 Annual Issue), 238-250.〕 Proceedings of the 2005 Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, identified that VSA technology can identify stress better than chance with performance approaching that of current polygraph systems.〔Sprague, R. H. (2005). ("Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technology" ). HICSS 2005 38th Hawaii International International Conference on Systems Science (03-06 January 2005/Big Island, HI). Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press.〕 In a three-year study conducted by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory in Rome New York, on voice stress analysis, it was determined that the voice stress units tested were able to recognize stress in the spoken voice. Additionally, these units performed equally whether the voice was a live test or a recorded one. The study also provided the caveat that caution should be taken when using voice stress analysis in that it should only be used as an investigative tool and not relied on for a case conclusion.〔Haddad, D., Walter, S., Ratley, R., & Smith, M. (2001). "Investigation and Evaluation of Voice Stress Analysis Technologies." Rome Laboratory Report (AFRL-IF-RS-TM-2001-7), 18-19.〕 In the 2007 peer-reviewed academic article "Charlatanry in forensic speech science", the authors reviewed 50 years of lie detector research and came to the conclusion that there is no scientific evidence supporting that voice analysis lie detectors actually work.〔Eriksson, A. and Lacerda, F. (2007). (Charlantry in forensic speech science: A problem to be taken seriously ). ''International Journal of Speech Language and the Law.'' 14 (2).〕 Lie detector manufacturer Nemesysco threatened to sue the academic publisher for libel resulting in removal of the article from online databases. In a letter to the publisher, Nemesysco's lawyers wrote that the authors of the article could be sued for defamation if they wrote on the subject again.〔(All lies? Scientists threatened with legal action over lie detector article ). Stockholm University.〕〔(Threats over Swedish lie detector research ). ''The Local''. January 27, 2009.〕 The full text of the article is still available online.〔http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~julia/papers/eriksson&lacerda07.pdf〕 Extraneous noise can come from embarrassment or anxiety and not be specific to lying.〔 When subjects are aware of the assessment their resulting emotional response, especially anxiety, can impact the data. Additionally, psychological disorders can cause problems with data as certain disorders can lead a person to make a statement they believe to be truth but is actually a fabrication. As well as with all testing, the examiner can cause biases within the test with their interaction with the subject and interpretation of the data.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lie detection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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